reading-notes

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HTML & CSS

Chapter 3: “Lists”

• There are lots of occasions when we need to use lists. HTML provides us with three different types:
  • Ordered lists:The lists where each item in the list is numbered.
  • Unordered lists:Are lists that begin with a bullet point.
  • Definition lists:Are made up of a set of terms along with the definitions for each of those terms.

1. Ordered Lists:

• The ordered lists are created by using the <ol> element,following with the <li> tag to placed the iteams inside the list.

Example:

<ol>

<li>Chop potatoes into quarters</li>

<li>Simmer in salted water for 15-20 minutes until tender</li>

</ol>

2. Unordered Lists:

• The unordered list is created by using the <ul> element,and it’s also followed with the <li> tag to placed the iteams inside the list.

Example:

<ul>

<li>1kg King Edward potatoes</li>

<li>100ml milk</li>

<li>50g salted butter</li>

</ul>

3. Definition Lists:

• The definition list is created with the <dl> element and usually consists of a series of terms and their definitions.This type of lists are used the <dt> tag to contain the definition term,and also used the <dd> tag to contain the definition.

Example:

<dl>

<dt>Sashimi</dt>

<dd>Sliced raw fish that is served with condiments such as shredded daikon radish or ginger root, wasabi and soy sauce</dd>

<dt>Scale</dt>

<dd>A device used to accurately measure the weight of ingredients</dd>

<dd>A technique by which the scales are removed from the skin of a fish</dd>

</dl>

- There is another type called Nested Lists and it is used when you put a second list inside an <li> element to create a sublist or nested list.

Examples:

<ul>

<li>Mousses</li>

<li>Pastries

<ul>

<li>Croissant</li>

<li>Mille-feuille</li>

<li>Palmier</li>

<li>Profiterole</li>

</ul>

</li>

<li>Tarts</li>

</ul>

<- So an overall about the lists:>

• There are three types of HTML lists: ordered, unordered, and definition.
• Ordered lists use numbers.
• Unordered lists use bullets.
• Definition lists are used to define terminology.
• Lists can be nested inside one another.

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Chapter 13: “Boxes”

• The CSS treats each HTML element as if it lives in its own box.And there is a several properties that can be set to affect the appearance of these boxes.Such as
  • Control the dimensions of your boxes
  • Create borders around boxes
  • Set margins and padding for boxes
  • Show and hide boxes

1. Control the dimensions of your boxes with (width, height):

• By defult the boxes are adjust into the size that just big enough to hold its contents into it,and to change it you need to use the width and hight proparities.

Example:

box {

height: 300px;

width: 300px;}

• There also another option to adjust the size of the box using the Limiting Width by (min-width, max-width).The min-width property specifies the smallest size a box can be displayed at when the browser window is narrow, and the max-width property indicates the maximum width a box can stretch to when the browser window is wide.

Example:

td.description {

min-width: 450px;

max-width: 650px;}

• And for the limiting hights you will use the (min-height, max-height).

Example:

p {

min-height: 10px;

max-height: 30px;}

• Overflowing Content:
  • We use it when the content contained within a box is larger than the box itself, so it help to not have a messy content.By using the (overflow) element, which we choose with it either:
  • (hidden) to hides any extra content that does not fit in the box.
  • (scroll) that adds a scrollbar to the box so that users can scroll to see the missing content.

2. Border, Margin & Padding:

• Before we get more deep in these proparities we need to differentiate between them.

Border

- border-width:is used to control the width of a border.

You can only use pixels or using one of the following values: thin medium thick,to give the value fot the width.

Example:

p.one {

border-width: 2px;}

p.two {

border-width: thick;}

p.three {

border-width: 1px 4px 12px 4px;}

- border-style: control the style of a border, such as solid,dotted,dashed,double,groove,ridge,inset,outset,and hidden / none for no border is shown.

Example:

p.one {border-style: solid;}

p.two {border-style: dotted;}

p.three {border-style: dashed;}

p.four {border-style: double;}

- border-color:specify the color of a border using either RGB values, hex codes or CSS color names.

Example:

p.one {

border-color: #0088dd;}

p.two {

border-color: #bbbbaa #111111 #ee3e80 #0088dd;}

You can o individually control the colors of the borders on different sides of a box.

- shorthand-border:to specify the width, style and color of a border in one property.

Example:

p {

width: 250px;

border: 3px dotted #0088dd;}

Padding

• The padding property allows you to specify how much space should appear between the content of an element and its border.

Example:

p {

width: 275px;

border: 2px solid #0088dd;}

p.example {

padding: 10px;}

You can specify different values for each side of a box.

Margin

• It’s controls the gap between boxes.

Example:

p {

width: 200px;

border: 2px solid #0088dd;

padding: 10px;}

p.example {

margin: 20px;}

You can specify values for each side of a box.

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<Centering Content>

• If you want to center a box on the page (or center it inside the element that it sits in), you can set the left-margin and right-margin to auto.And you need to set a width for the box (otherwise it will take up the full width of the page).And for the text you need tohave a text-align property with its value set to center.

Example:

body {

text-align: center;}

p {

width: 300px;

padding: 50px;

border: 20px solid #0088dd;}

p.example {

margin: 10px auto 10px auto;

text-align: left;}

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<Change Inline/Block>

• Using the ( display )property allows you to turn an inline element into a block-level element or vice versa,by defining these values:
• inline :a block-level element to act like an inline element.
• block :an inline element to act like a block-level element.
• inline-block :this causes a block-level element to flow like an inline element.
• none :This hides an element from the page.

Example:

li {

display: inline;

margin-right: 10px;}

li.coming-soon {

display: none;}

3. Show and hide boxes:

• Using the visibility element,and it is takes two values:
  1. hidden :this hides the element.
  2. visible :this shows the element.

Example:

li {

visibility: hidden;}

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There is another options to display the boxes using: - CSS3-Border Images:It takes a backgroundimage and slices it into nine pieces.

This property requires three pieces of information:

1. The URL of the image
2. Where to slice the image
3. What to do with the straight edges; the possible values are:
   • stretch stretches the image
   • repeat repeats the image
   • round like repeat but if the tiles do not fit exactly, scales the tile image so they will.

Example:

p.two {

-moz-border-image: url("images/dots.gif") 11 11 11 11 round;

-webkit-border-image: url("images/dots.gif") 11 11 11 11 round;

border-image: url("images/dots.gif") 11 11 11 11 round;}

The box must also have a border width for the image to be shown.

- CSS3- Box Shadows:The box-shadow property allows you to add a drop shadow around a box.

• Horizontal offset:Negative values position the shadow to the left of the box.
• Vertical offset:Negative values position the shadow to the top of the box.
• Blur distance:If omitted, the shadow is a solid line like a border.
• Spread of shadow:If used, a positive value will cause the shadow to expand in all directions, and a negative value will make it contract.

The inset keyword can also be used before these values to create an inner-shadow.

Example:

p {`

-moz-box-shadow: 5px 5px 5px #777777;

-webkit-box-shadow: 5px 5px 5px #777777;

box-shadow: 5px 5px 5px #777777;}

- CSS3-Border-radius(rounded Corners):

You can specify individual values for each corner of a box using:

• border-top-right-radius
• border-bottom-right-radius
• border-bottom-left-radius
• border-top-left-radius

Example:

p {

border: 5px solid #cccccc;

padding: 20px;

width: 275px;

text-align: center;

border-radius: 10px;}

- CSS3-Elliptical Shapes (border-radius):For more complex shapes, you can specify different distances for the horizontal and the vertical parts of the rounded corners.

Example:

p.one {

border-top-left-radius: 80px 50px;}

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An overall about boxes:

• CSS treats each HTML element as if it has its own box.
• You can use CSS to control the dimensions of a box.
• You can also control the borders, margin and padding for each box with CSS.
• It is possible to hide elements using the display and visibility properties.
• Block-level boxes can be made into inline boxes, and inline boxes made into block-level boxes.
• Legibility can be improved by controlling the width of boxes containing text and the leading.
• CSS3 has introduced the ability to create image borders and rounded borders.

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JAVASCRIPT

Chapter 2: “Basic JavaScript Instructions”

• ARRAYS :
  • An array is a special type of variable. It doesn’t just store one value; it stores a list of values.

  Example:

  var colors = new Array('white ' ,'black','custom'); var el = document.getElementByid( ' colors' ); el.innerHTML = colors.item(O);

+ VALUES IN ARRAYS :Values in an array are accessed as if they are in a numbered list. It is important to know that the numbering of this list starts at zero (not one).

- NUMBERING ITEMS IN AN ARRAY : Each item in an array is automatically given a number called an index.

var colors; colors= ['white ' , 'black ' , ' custom '];

INDEX VALUE ` o ‘white ‘ 1 ‘black’ 2 ‘ custom’ `

- ACCESSING ITEMS IN AN ARRAY : To retrieve the third item on the list

>var itemThree; itemThree = col ors [2] ;

-NUMBER OF ITEMS IN AN ARRAY : Each array has a property called length, which holds the number of items in the array.

var numColors ; ` numColors =colors. length;`

// Create the array var colors = [‘white’,’black’ ,’custom’]; // Update the third item in the array colors[2] = ‘beige ‘ ; //Get the element with an id of colors var el = document .getElementByid(‘ colors’) ; //Replace with third item from the array el .textContent = colors[2];

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Chapter 4: “Decisions and Loops”

- Switch statments:

A switch statement starts with a variable called the switch value.variable called the switch value.Each case indicates a possible value for this variable and the code that should run if the variable matches that value.

switch (level) {

case 'One ':

title= 'Level 1 ' ;

break;

case 'Two':

title = ' Level 2 ' ;

break;

case ' Three' :

title = 'Level 3' ;

break ;

default :

title= 'Test';

break;

}

You have a default option that is run if none of the cases match.

If a match is found, that code is run; then the break statement stops the rest of the switch statement running (providing better performance than multiple if statements).

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References:

@Jon Duckett/HTML & CSS

@Jon Duckett/JAVASCRIPT